Want to Read. Direction: Shaji Kailas. Silvia Moreno-Garcia (Goodreads Author) (shelved 2 times as mayan) avg rating 3. 0. 🐅💨 (please note, ith tiger odunathanu vali vidunnathalla (in-text chali/inception chali) Kaduva, the highly anticipated Prithviraj Sukumaran starrer is finally released. Average rating 3. net. In a statement, lead archaeologist Ivan Šprajc says the settlement probably served as an important regional center during the Maya Classic period, which spanned 250 to 1000 C. Malayalam movie 'Kaduva' has started streaming on OTT platform. The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter Kuruvachan and his rivalry with a high ranking officer Joseph Chandy in the Kerala Police. Summary: The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter from Mundakayam and his rivalry with a high ranking officer in the Kerala. Running time: 153 minutes. Kaduva is an out-and-out action film and a very formulaic one at that. An intense rivalry with IG Joseph lands Kaduva in jail. It begins with the deeds of Mayan gods in the darkness of a primeval sea and ends with the radiant splendor of the Mayan lords who founded the Quiché kingdom in. Prithviraj starrer ‘Kaduva’ finally hit the screens, after a long drawn legal tussle with a Pala native whose life is said to have inspired the film. Fantasy authors often find the past a rich source of inspiration. Updated on May 15, 2019. Karikku is a new age digital platform– for, by and of – the quintessential Malayalis. The Boy Who Wouldn't Obey: A Mayan Legend (Hardcover) by. Silvia Moreno-Garcia (Goodreads Author) (shelved 18 times as mayan-mythology) avg rating 3. Get it now for just $9. 3. The platform was formed to explore the possibilities of different realm. The legendary origin of the Aztec people. Written down between 1701 and 1703 by the Spanish priest Francisco Ximenez, from much older source material, the book tells the story of the creation of the world, of human beings, and of the great adventures of the Hero Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanche. This Hotel has 4. Where to watch Kaduva (2022) starring Prithviraj Sukumaran, Vivek Oberoi, Alencier Ley Lopez and directed by Shaji Kailas. 19404. 4. ISBN-13: 978-0888999214. The God of Death in Indian and Mayan cultures were similar. Want to Read. 0. The Popol Vuh is a sacred Maya text which narrates the Maya creation myths and describes the early Maya dynasties. It is a 2022 Hindi Drama film directed by Shaji Kailas. This 128-page book also includes historic exploration, biographies, time. The workshop’s small gift shop is filled floor-to-ceiling with handmade books, posters, and notebooks. Day of Release Day of Week. EST. Jakes Bejoy & ANJU BRAMASMI. 1st Day 2nd Day 3rd Day. It was identified as a Maya manuscript only in 1853. Meenakshi Anoop Kaduva (Film) Meenakshi Anoop has worked in a very popular film called Kaduva which was released in the cinemas on 7 July 2022. Hindi. Kaduva Book now. They were also joined by political. CONCEPT. These marvels still stand at an incre. The Maya were a powerful pre-Columbian civilization who thrived between AD 600 – AD 800. The Maya civilization (/ ˈ m aɪ ə /) was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period. Vella Kaduva. Watchlist. The monist perspective of Indian philosophy believes maya to be the force. before falling into steep decline - were literate and had books, written in a complex language including pictograms, glyphs, and phonetic representations. The study of heavenly cycles is common to most ancient cultures. We read about the Maya culture and religion, as well as their calendaring system. Definition of kaduva in the Definitions. Jakes Bejoy & ANJU BRAMASMI. Print. Dating to circa 1100 AD, the Mayan Codex is said to have been painted by a single artist, recording the movements of planet Venus over the course of 584 days. Settling the Northern Colonies 3 Which native civilization invented a numerical system to keep records? The Maya The Olmec The Inca The Aztec. Books and the ideas they contained Agriculture and livestock Cash crops like sugar and tobacco The slave trade. com. Maayan kaduva | Devalal Cherukara | Ashnika Carmel | BR-05-J-01 | Book Review | KLIBF 2nd Edition | St. Helens HSS Lourdepuram | #onlinecontest #bookreview #. Woot! Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of the Mayan Book of the Dawn of Life and the Glories of Gods and Kings [Tedlock, Dennis] on Amazon. Maya's New Husband. Simplifying Maya - Best for Digital Ebook Learners. The ancient Egyptians, Chinese, and Babylonians all tried to make sense of the year. When he was puzzled byVideo. Watchlist. Yes, with the right font and keyboard. 978-1-63056-678-4. I. Earn double rewards when you purchase a movie ticket on the Fandango website today. An intense rivalry with IG Joseph lands Kaduva in jail. The film received a U/A certificate from the censor. A specific launch time has not yet been publicly. Movie Details:Movie Name: KaduvaStarring: Prithviraj Sukumaran, Vivek OberoiWritten By: Jinu V AbrahamDirected By: Shaji KailasProduced By: Supriya Menon & L. Silvia Moreno-Garcia (Goodreads Author) (shelved 1 time as mayan-culture) avg rating 3. The Maya civilization ( / ˈmaɪə /) was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from antiquity to the early modern period. The actions of bishop Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas (wiki) Mallory Matsumoto: Almost all pre-Columbian books have been destroyed or lost. However, they did find Mayan history, in the form of glyphs, or pictures representing words, recorded in folding books called codices (the singular is codex). The book is composed of 39 bast fibre pages, which are double-sidedly inscribed and adds up to an overall length of 3. Kaduva stars Prithviraj Sukumaran, Samyuktha Menon, and Vivek Oberoi in key roles. 18 PM IST Critic's Rating: 3. Starring: Vivek Oberoi, Samyuktha Menon, Prithviraj Sukumaran. The Bird Who Cleans the World and other Mayan Fables. D. Our library consists of over 4000+ legally licensed content from 9 regional languages of India. Kaduva: Directed by Shaji Kailas. It offers an important reexamination of the mid-16th-century Popol Vuh, long considered an authoritative text, which is better understood as one among many crucial sources for the. Read more. The Maya is probably the most famous civilization among the classical civilizations of Mesoamerica. For her article, she read four recent major books on the Maya and at the end of that review, she realized that the books had something in common. Movie News - IndiaGlitz provides Movie News & cast crew details of Cinema and Movie Reviews. 0. The Maple Theater. #KamalHaasan #VikramLyricVideo #VikramTitleTrack #VikramFromJune3#VIKRAM WORLDWIDE THEATRICAL RELEASE ON JUNE 3RD. Providing news, results, videos, spoilers, rumors, and more. A stellar all-inclusive package covers food. A Maya book is referred to as a codex (plural: codices). . The Maple Theater. It probably roots from “ma” that is etymologically linked to words such as mother []. They continue to seek revenge on each other at every opportunity they get until one day they decide to fight it out, face to face at the. Prithviraj Sukumaran’s ‘Kaduva’ is finally out in theatres on July 7 and the actor along with the full team has been on a promotional spree for the past few weeks which has indeed benefitted. Chapter 1 – dress and accouterments of the royal people. Veteran Malayalam actor and former MP Innocent passed away at VPS Lakeshore Hospital in Kochi on Sunday. Diego de Landa catalogued the Maya. 4. Kaduva Based on Life of My Grandfather Kuruvachan, Claims This Man. The civilization is also noted for its art. The action thriller marks the comeback of celebrated senior filmmaker Shaji Kailas, after a very long back. Do you want more, too? The first place to start is the most obvious: One essay in Frej’s book offers a good summary of what is known of the Mayan civilization and another essay tells almost. 0. Maya religious beliefs are formed on the notion that virtually everything in the world contains k'uh, or sacredness. Kaduva is an Indian Malayalam Language Period action Film of 2022. Maxwell (Max) Barnes is an archeologist and the son of the archeologist, Anderson Barnes. The Maya are an indigenous people of Mexico and Central America who have continuously inhabited the lands comprising modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico and southward through Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and Honduras. 00. Kaduva, the action thriller that features Prithviraj Sukumaran in the lead role, has been enjoying a solid run at the box office. Maya Visual Effects: The Innovator’s Guide is another higher-level book focused on FX for 3D design. It is celebrated as one of the greatest literary texts in classical Mesoamerican culture and can even be compared to the epic poem of the Odyssey. Whilst excavating a Maya site, an ancient mask is discovered. Amat, Bobo, and some of the others who remained in Beartown help teach the little kids. 87 offers from $3. The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth About 2012 by David Stuart Harmony Books (2011) (Buy the book) 2012 and the End of the World: The Western Roots of the Maya Apocalypse by Matthew. The Mayan legend do speak of a God of death called ‘Yum Cimil or Aupuch’. The myth surrounding this deity mentions the god as a creator of the cosmos in the Popul Vuh, the Kiche Maya sacred book. Vineeth Sreenivasan-Jakes Bejoy-Maya, Jakes Bejoy & Jelu Jayaraj. Mayan Books Showing 1-50 of 215 The Popol Vuh (Seedbank) by Anonymous (shelved 11 times as mayan) avg rating 3. Kate Berberich Author. D. 17. This would mark the. The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter. Westown Movies. Ancient Civilizations: A Captivating Guide to Mayan History, the Aztecs, and Inca Empire (Exploring Ancient History) 142. Music of Kaduva songs are composed by Jakes Bejoy. Tikal, like many other great Mayan cities, was abandoned during the second Mayan collapse. avg rating 4. Slave (Arabic) Arabic | R15 | 1h13m Terms of Service; Privacy Policy; Feedback; FAQ; About UsSubscribe Now for More Exclusive Videos! Free Music back to back only on Eros Now - out "Saree. Search movie times, buy tickets, find movie trailers, and view upcoming movies. Mayans were among the first to record history in books. Prithviraj Sukumaran’s action entertainer ‘Kaduva’ finally hit the big screens on July 7 after facing a few mishaps regarding the release date and legal issues. 5/5. This unique resource is an ideal reference for. Jul 29, 2022, 03:39PM IST Source: etimes. Glenn Maxwell. The Dresden Codex is a book about prophecy. 41. We've done a few fiction stories and a non-fiction book on chocolate growing/processing. Here, for the first time, is a fully illustrated survey, from the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions to the works of later writers using the Roman alphabet. Kaduva is 19400 on the JustWatch Daily Streaming Charts today. Related Books. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Drama. The Maya script is the most sophisticated and highly developed writing system in the pre-Columbian Americas. Share. Kaduva. History for Kids: The Maya, the Inca, and the Aztec. D. It. 3 Out of 5 Rating where 4. Karikku is a new age digital platform– for, by and of – the quintessential Malayalis. 6. Baiju, Arjun Ashokan, Alencier and Shajon make up the rest of the cast. It stars Mohanlal as the only character appearing. The Latest Wrestling News, WWE News, AEW News, and prowrestling new. The history of Maya civilization is divided into three principal periods: the Preclassic, Classic and Postclassic periods; these were preceded by the Archaic Period, which saw the first settled villages and early developments in agriculture. They even produced books called codices, some of which were reported to detail 800 years of their history. Mayan Pyramids of the Classic Maya, A. At its apex, the once vast civilization spread over. Share. 5. To complete the Kaduva effect the background score turns into a growl every time Prithviraj decides to fight back and does his pounce kick on the enemy. The film starring Prithviraj Sukumaran, along with Vivek Oberoi, had released in. Lata Jha. Day 4: 3 Crore gross in Kerala. The STANDS4 Network. 99. The ancient Maya were united by belief systems, cultural. Designed for users completely new to 3D modeling and animation. Want to Read. There is no reason to add a predictable fight sequence to showcase the strength of Kuriachan. The 2012. ” Sources on how to make Mayan musical instruments today Luis Mendez;The Popol Vuh is a religious text of the Maya people. Silvia Moreno-Garcia is the author of several novels, including Mexican Gothic, Gods of Jade and Shadow and The Daughter of Doctor Moreau. The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter from Mundakayam and his rivalry with a high ranking officer in the Kerala Police. D. The creator gods decided that this gave people too much power. Rate this book. The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter Kuruvachan and his rivalry with a high ranking officer Joseph Chandy in the Kerala Police. Diego De Landa: During a ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (according to Landa, 27 books) and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned. Stephens and Frederick Catherwood, and the. 09 — 2,094 ratings — published 2016. 1. Genre: Comedy Running Time: 150 min Release Date: 05 January 2017 Starring: Biju Menon,Iniya, Innocent, Hareesh,Sudheer Karamana ,Baiju and Poojitha Menon. Featured speakers include archaeologist Richard Hanson, humorist Mo Rocca,. Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of The Mayan Book of The Dawn of Life and The Glories of Gods and Kings. by. Maya has a unique knack for taking the stress out of cooking keto meals and explaining how to make this work in your life. The Maya - a powerful pre-Colombian civilization who reached their cultural zenith around 600-800 A. The film carries so many unnecessary back and forth action sequences between the protagonist and the antagonist and the police force that it gets repetitive from the beginning. Zurich Cinemas. Daniels (Goodreads Author) (shelved 1 time as mayan-history) avg rating 3. $1900. Montejo, Victor. It's important to begin this review by acknowledging immediately that reading page 1 of this book increased my knowledge on the subject matter of the Mayan calendar by 100%. 12 Crore from the Kerala box office alone, within its first weekend of release. Prithviraj plays Kaduvakunnel Kuriachan, a rich planter and bar owner, whose fiery rivalry with the all-influential police officer Ouseph Chandy (Vivek Oberoi) forms the. Published: 04th July 2022. Pick a movie and get tickets at your favourite cinema or choose from many other cinemas in your city. Content Credits @VaisakhTelescope ⭕️My Social Media Accounts♦️Aswin Madappally on Instagram. This 5 Star Hotel in Mysore is located in Near Infosys Campus. And her best friend, Case, will be by her side as she defies society's rules and has her first taste of freedom. k. Hart. 99. I've been a non-follower of the 2012 phenomenon until this book and I. The film is scripted by Jinu Abraham’ and Abhinandan Ramanujam is wielding. Modern scholars regard these periods as arbitrary divisions of chronology of the Maya civilization, rather than indicative of. Featured artists include . The Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon began construction around the year 100 C. More information about {param} Release date: July 7. The Mayan book of creation, the dawn of life, and the glories of gods and kings. Kaduva Book now. The book covers Mayan art, architecture, culture, economy, political structure, religion, language / writing, and its famed calendar. Kindle Edition. 0 4 Ahau 8 Kumku and is usually. 2 hr 29 min2022DramaU/A 13+Hindi. From small farming villages, the Mayan civilization grew into vast urban metropolises. The stories illustrate the persistence of Classic Maya themes in contemporary folk literature, making the book significant to. In this time, the ancient Maya lived a relatively simple village life, working the land for their food. UltraStar Cinemas. Nearly 4,000 years ago, in the tropical rain forest of Central America, the Mayan culture began to emerge. Malayalam movie 'Kaduva' has started streaming on OTT platform. As Eveningstar finds her way through the difficulties of Maya life, the reader learns about the society's. Maya Political Science: Time, Astronomy, and the Cosmos (The Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies) 5. Running time: 150 minutes. ABBREVIATIONS; ANAGRAMS; BIOGRAPHIES; CALCULATORS; CONVERSIONS; DEFINITIONS;. Bbuddah Hoga Terra Baap. The Chocolate Tree has a high appeal. Want to Read. However, it is not the actual “word of God,” rather it is an account of the ancient stories told by the Mayans. P. 'Kaduva', scripted by Jinu Abraham and starring Prithviraj and Vivek Oberoi, is set in Pala in the 1990s when mobile phones and luxury cars were yet to penetrate the market. Because One-Fifteen represents a society that values white lives over black—and Chris is white like One-Fifteen—Starr must ask herself whether dating Chris means complying with this value system. Is the mask the cause of the end of the Maya. In 1974, Suresh married Yashodhara, who hails from a Punjabi business family settled in Chennai. Coe and Houston update this classic by distilling the latest scholarship for the general reader and. It was told by the Mayans who long ago lived in theYucatán Peninsula of Mexico. Kaduva. Lots of illustrations, good balance of detail and digestibility, and good info on cultural particulars. Malayalee. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. Language: Malayalam. Where can I watch Kaduva for free? There are no options to watch Kaduva for free online today in. The film tells the story of Kaduvakunnel Kuriyachan, a Pala planter, in the 90s, who ends up on a coalition course with IG Joseph Chandy, a top cop who is politically favored. Justin, eighth Duke of Whittington, is. 26 Crore at the worldwide box office, in 8 days. The action thriller marks the comeback of celebrated senior filmmaker Shaji Kailas, after a very long back. When you buy books, we may earn an affiliate commission . All thanks to the massive promotional techniques used by the makers. 2 hr 29 min2022DramaHindi. Jungle of Stone: The True Story of Two Men, Their Extraordinary Journey, and the Discovery of the Lost Civilization of the Maya (Hardcover) by. The pyramid-building society reigned over much of Central America until it collapsed. The main glyph, A, represents the syllable sound “ka”. During our mayan history book research, we found 1,200+ mayan history book products and shortlisted 10 quality products. sort by. Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham. $1495. At its height, Mayan civilization consisted of more than 40 cities, each with a population between 5,000 and 50,000. TCL Chinese Theatres. During this ceremony on July 12, 1562, a disputed number of Maya codices (according to Landa, 27 books) and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned. Mayan Pyramids of the Classic Maya, A. 26. (2023 film) Alone is a 2023 Indian Malayalam -language mystery thriller film directed by Shaji Kailas, written by Rajesh Jayaraman, and produced and distributed by Antony Perumbavoor through Aashirvad Cinemas. Prithviraj Sukumaran’s ‘Kaduva’ is finally out in theatres on July 7 and the actor along with the full team has been on a promotional spree for the past few weeks which has indeed benefitted. Mexican by birth, Canadian by. More information about . 99. The resulting mayhem begins a wild adventure. The team named. Select movie and show timing of your choice in the theatre near you. Watch the latest movies in the most luxurious seats, plus. 2022U/A 13+. Mayan Books. Kaduva Movie Review and Rating: ഷാജി കൈലാസ് തന്നെ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത എത്രയോ. 5. The Maya are a culturally affiliated people that continue to speak their native languages and still often use the ancient 260-day ritual calendar for religious practices. In doing so, the Maya discovered many strange numerical harmonics. Although, all these attractions are located between 33 miles (53 km). Kaduva ( transl. Here, Robles and Shah offer a unique perspective, one guided by Mayan wisdom, for our current times. Hindi. With images by acclaimed Lonely Planet photographer Kraig Lieb and essays by award-winning author Michael Shapiro, this book celebrates the spirited Mayan people of Guatemala, their brilliantly colored textiles and their reverence for tradition. Westown Movies. The OTT rights of the. 2 hr 29 min2022Drama. D. 0. It is known by its ancient temples and glyphs. Subtitle (s): Arabic, English. 2022. Veteran Malayalam actor and former MP Innocent passed away at VPS Lakeshore Hospital in Kochi on Sunday. It begins with the deeds of Mayan gods in the darkness of a primeval sea and ends with the radiant splendor of. These were a branch of the Maya that dominated the western highlands of modern day. What does kaduva mean? Information and translations of kaduva in the most comprehensive. He decides to keep an eye on the priest. The ruins, situated in the southern part of the state of Quintana Roo, are tucked away deep in the Yucatan jungle close to the border with Belize. 0. Be it Lucifer or Bheeshma Parvam, these mass masala projects worked because they reinvented scripts. කෙටි කතා - Short Stories; Thiththa Seeni. The film is set in the late 90s revolving around the life of a young high range rubber planter from Mundakayam and his rivalry with a high ranking officer in the Kerala Police. Joseph Chandy (Vivek Oberoi) an IPS officer and Kuriyachan (Prithviraj Sukumaran) a very rich plantation owner in Pala, Kottayam are at loggerheads over some issues that arise between the two of them. (shelved 56 times as maya-angelou). Alone (2023 film) Alone. Kaduva 2022 Malayalam Full Movie Download Star Cast: Prithviraj Sukumaran as Kaduvakunnel Kurian Koruthu. Popol Vuh: The Definitive Edition of The Mayan Book of The Dawn of Life and The Glories of Gods and Kings. They were literate, had a complex language including pictograms, glyphs, and phonetic representations. 3. For Indians, Yama is the divinity for death. . The previous installments were 'Driving License' (2019) and the. But with “Kaduva,” Shaji Kailas loses the plot from the prologue itself. There are several new versions of the Mayan creation story that show the fusion of traditional Maya beliefs with Christian beliefs. In addition, Spanish. Montejo, Victor. This engaging resource focuses on the differences between the cultures of the ancient civilizations of Central and South America. ഇപ്പൊ വാങ്ങിയാൽ,ഇരട്ടി വാങ്ങാം. With Prithviraj Sukumaran, Vivek Oberoi, Samyuktha Menon, Siddique. Kaduva had collected Rs. An intense rivalry with IG Joseph lands Kaduva in jail. The Mayan Languages presents a comprehensive survey of the language family associated with the Classic Mayan civilization (AD 200–900), a family whose individual languages are still spoken today by at least six million indigenous Maya in Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The film is scripted by Jinu Abraham’ and Abhinandan Ramanujam is wielding. Fingerprints of the Gods: The Evidence of Earth's Lost Civilization. . However lockdown does funny things to a reader and forgotten books are getting dusted off and finally read. Here is Below are Box office collection report of Malayalam Movie 'Kaduva' With his Budget, Profit and Hit or Flop status at Mtwikiblog. The earliest Maya communities started settling from around 1800 BC. Sharer, Fiery Pool: The Maya and the Mythic Sea by Daniel Finamore, Reading Maya Art: A Hierogl. Kaduva. . Maya is a Sanskrit word with unclear etymology [14, 22]. The serpent god is also called the Vision Serpent. After a series of underperforming Malayalam movies that were released recently, Prithviraj Sukumaran’s action entertainer ‘Kaduva’ was a breath. HOTEL XCARET MEXICO. It took almost two years to complete the filming of ‘Kaduva’. 1630574503. Beginner. Maya belief establishes the creation and sanctity of. Onuoha Banks. Now, his grandson has come out alleging that the makers have brazenly twisted and turned the events in his grandfather's life in the film. Ancient Maya Politics. . Our guide, Daniel Jr, was a fountain of knowledge and shared fascinating information about the Mayan culture, the ruins themselves, and his own stories and. " ―Expedition. 1. CONCEPT. Subtitle (s): Arabic, English. 1 offer from $6. I loved having a different genre of chocolate book to read to the students. by. Showing 30 distinct works. The death mask of Mayan king Pakal the Great. “Kaduva” is the same old action thriller with people seeking revenge. The book brings the horrifying statistics to life by telling the stories of survivors of the genocidal campaign against the indigenous Maya. The non-stop rains have not stopped the Shaji Kailas directorial. Movie Kaduva is available to watch online on its streaming plateform in 4K, Full HD (1080P), HD (720P), 480P, 360P quality. Book Worms. Day 1: 3. The Maya Vase Books comprise a corpus of Rollout Photographs made by Justin Kerr with a camera specifically designed and built by him, to record the painting and carving on Maya vases and contains essays by noted Mayanists. Mayan religion had more than 150 gods in their pantheon and a diverse range of beliefs were attached with each one of them. Kaduva ( transl. His previous knowledge of alphabetic reading and writing was limited to Spanish, but he was able to grasp the orthography of the Popol Vuh text with very little help. Element B, near the fish's tail, represents the syllable sound “ua” (also. Kaduva. The Maya sacred book, the Popol Vuh, explains that the gods purposely clouded human understanding. 1. All Votes Add Books To This List. Kaduva has reportedly made a total gross collection of around Rs. Kaduva is an Indian Malayalam-language period. Set in 1990s, the plot revolves around an ego war between influential businessman. In The Eye of Heaven, 2014, Cussler should have been tougher in the supervision of co-authoring, as the.